The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir). Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India. Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila. Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom. Regions of Bihar – such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India. Ancient period Ĭhirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age ( c. Magadha, Anga and Vajjika League of Mithila, c. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri that in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya. The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihāra ( Devanagari: विहार), meaning "abode".
Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: Buddhism. In ancient and classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power, learning, and culture. The official languages are Hindi and Urdu, although other languages are common, including Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri and other languages of Bihar. Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state. Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh.
On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand. Bihar is also the world's fourth-most populous subnational entity. The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east. Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory, with an area of 94,163 km 2 (36,357 sq mi). Recognized under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of Indiaīihar ( / b ɪ ˈ h ɑːr/ Hindi pronunciation: ( listen)) is the northernmost state in eastern India.
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